HISTORIOGRAPHY 1612392390

Notes

1. ^ Dates follow the Julian calendar, used in England throughout Shakespeare's lifespan, but with the start of the year adjusted to 1 January (see Old Style and New Style dates). Under the Gregorian calendar, adopted in Catholic countries in 1582, Shakespeare died on 3 May.^[1]
2. ^ The "national cult" of Shakespeare, and the "bard" identification, dates from September 1769, when the actor David Garrick organised a week-long carnival at Stratford to mark the town council awarding him the freedom of the town. In addition to presenting the town with a statue of Shakespeare, Garrick composed a doggerel verse, lampooned in the London newspapers, naming the banks of the Avon as the birthplace of the "matchless Bard".^[6]
3. ^ The exact figures are unknown. See Shakespeare's collaborations and Shakespeare Apocrypha for further details.
4. ^ Individual play dates and precise writing span are unknown. See Chronology of Shakespeare's plays for further details.
5. ^ The crest is a silver falcon supporting a spear, while the motto is Non Sanz Droict (French for "not without right"). This motto is still used by Warwickshire County Council, in reference to Shakespeare.
6. ^ Inscribed in Latin on his funerary monument: AETATIS 53 DIE 23 APR (In his 53rd year he died 23 April).
7. ^ Verse by James Mabbe printed in the First Folio.^[86]
8. ^ Charles Knight, 1842, in his notes on Twelfth Night.^[95]
9. ^ In the scribal abbreviations ye for the (3rd line) and yt for that (3rd and 4th lines) the letter y represents th: see thorn.
10. ^ Grady cites Voltaire's Philosophical Letters (1733); Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795); Stendhal's two-part pamphlet Racine et Shakespeare (1823–25); and Victor Hugo's prefaces to Cromwell (1827) and William Shakespeare (1864).^[239]
11. ^ For example, A.L. Rowse, the 20th-century Shakespeare scholar, was emphatic: "He died, as he had lived, a conforming member of the Church of England. His will made that perfectly clear—in facts, puts it beyond dispute, for it uses the Protestant formula."^[267]

References

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2. ^ Jump up to:^a b Greenblatt 2005, p. 11.
3. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bevington 2002, pp. 1–3.
4. ^ Jump up to:^a b Wells 1997, p. 399.
5. ^ Dobson 1992, pp. 185–186.
6. ^ McIntyre 1999, pp. 412–432.
7. ^ Craig 2003, p. 3.
8. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. xvii–xviii.
9. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, pp. 41, 66, 397–398, 402, 409.
10. ^ Taylor 1990, pp. 145, 210–223, 261–265.
11. ^ Chambers 1930a, pp. 270–271.
12. ^ Taylor 1987, pp. 109–134.
13. ^ Jump up to:^a b Greenblatt & Abrams 2012, p. 1168.
14. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 14–22.
15. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 24–26.
16. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 24, 296.
17. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 15–16.
18. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 23–24.
19. ^ mcarafano (15 December 2014). "Shakespeare's Life". Folger Shakespeare Library. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
20. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 62–63.
21. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 53.
22. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. xv–xvi.
23. ^ Baldwin 1944, p. 464.
24. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 179–180, 183.
25. ^ Cressy 1975, pp. 28–29.
26. ^ Baldwin 1944, p. 117.
27. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 77–78.
28. ^ Wood 2003, p. 84.
29. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 78–79.
30. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 93.
31. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 94.
32. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 224.
33. ^ Bate 2008, p. 314.
34. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 95.
35. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 97–108.
36. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rowe 1709.
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38. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 110–111.
39. ^ Honigmann 1999, p. 1.
40. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xvii.
41. ^ Honigmann 1999, pp. 95–117.
42. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 97–109.
43. ^ Chambers 1930a, pp. 287, 292.
44. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Greenblatt 2005, p. 213.
45. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 153.
46. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 176.
47. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 151–153.
48. ^ Jump up to:^a b Wells 2006, p. 28.
49. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 144–146.
50. ^ Chambers 1930a, p. 59.
51. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 184.
52. ^ Chambers 1923, pp. 208–209.
53. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. 666.
54. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 67–71.
55. ^ Bentley 1961, p. 36.
56. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 188.
57. ^ Kastan 1999, p. 37.
58. ^ Knutson 2001, p. 17.
59. ^ Adams 1923, p. 275.
60. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 200.
61. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 200–201.
62. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 357.
63. ^ Jump up to:^a b Wells et al. 2005, p. xxii.
64. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 202–203.
65. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hales 1904, pp. 401–402.
66. ^ Honan 1998, p. 121.
67. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 122.
68. ^ Honan 1998, p. 325.
69. ^ Greenblatt 2005, p. 405.
70. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ackroyd 2006, p. 476.
71. ^ Wood 1806, pp. ix–x, lxxii.
72. ^ Smith 1964, p. 558.
73. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 477.
74. ^ Barroll 1991, pp. 179–182.
75. ^ Bate 2008, pp. 354–355.
76. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 382–383.
77. ^ Honan 1998, p. 326.
78. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 462–464.
79. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 272–274.
80. ^ Honan 1998, p. 387.
81. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 279.
82. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 375–378.
83. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 276.
84. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 78.
85. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 453.
86. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kinney 2012, p. 11.
87. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 287.
88. ^ Jump up to:^a b Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 292–294.
89. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 304.
90. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 395–396.
91. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 8, 11, 104.
92. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 296.
93. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 7, 9, 13.
94. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 289, 318–319.
95. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 275.
96. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 483.
97. ^ Frye 2005, p. 16.
98. ^ Greenblatt 2005, pp. 145–146.
99. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 301–303.
100. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 306–307.
101. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xviii.
102. ^ BBC News 2008.
103. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 306.
104. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 308–310.
105. ^ Cooper 2006, p. 48.
106. ^ Westminster Abbey n.d.
107. ^ Southwark Cathedral n.d.
108. ^ Thomson 2003, p. 49.
109. ^ Jump up to:^a b Frye 2005, p. 9.
110. ^ Honan 1998, p. 166.
111. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 159–161.
112. ^ Dutton & Howard 2003, p. 147.
113. ^ Ribner 2005, pp. 154–155.
114. ^ Frye 2005, p. 105.
115. ^ Ribner 2005, p. 67.
116. ^ Bednarz 2004, p. 100.
117. ^ Honan 1998, p. 136.
118. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 166.
119. ^ Frye 2005, p. 91.
120. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 116–117.
121. ^ Werner 2001, pp. 96–100.
122. ^ Friedman 2006, p. 159.
123. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 235.
124. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 161–162.
125. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 205–206.
126. ^ Honan 1998, p. 258.
127. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 359.
128. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 362–383.
129. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 150.
130. ^ Gibbons 1993, p. 1.
131. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 356.
132. ^ Wood 2003, p. 161.
133. ^ Honan 1998, p. 206.
134. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 353, 358.
135. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 151–153.
136. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 151.
137. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 85.
138. ^ Muir 2005, pp. 12–16.
139. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 94.
140. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 86.
141. ^ Bradley 1991, pp. 40, 48.
142. ^ Bradley 1991, pp. 42, 169, 195.
143. ^ Greenblatt 2005, p. 304.
144. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 226.
145. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 423.
146. ^ Kermode 2004, pp. 141–142.
147. ^ McDonald 2006, pp. 43–46.
148. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 306.
149. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 444.
150. ^ McDonald 2006, pp. 69–70.
151. ^ Eliot 1934, p. 59.
152. ^ Dowden 1881, p. 57.
153. ^ Dowden 1881, p. 60.
154. ^ Frye 2005, p. 123.
155. ^ McDonald 2006, p. 15.
156. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. 1247, 1279.
157. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xx.
158. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xxi.
159. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 16.
160. ^ Jump up to:^a b Foakes 1990, p. 6.
161. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 125–131.
162. ^ Nagler 1958, p. 7.
163. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 131–132.
164. ^ Foakes 1990, p. 33.
165. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 454.
166. ^ Holland 2000, p. xli.
167. ^ Ringler 1997, p. 127.
168. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 210.
169. ^ Chambers 1930a, p. 341.
170. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 247–249.
171. ^ Jump up to:^a b Wells et al. 2005, p. 1247.
172. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xxxvii.
173. ^ Jump up to:^a b Wells et al. 2005, p. xxxiv.
174. ^ Jump up to:^a b Pollard 1909, p. xi.
175. ^ Mays & Swanson 2016.
176. ^ Maguire 1996, p. 28.
177. ^ Bowers 1955, pp. 8–10.
178. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. xxxiv–xxxv.
179. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. 909, 1153.
180. ^ Roe 2006, p. 21.
181. ^ Frye 2005, p. 288.
182. ^ Roe 2006, pp. 3, 21.
183. ^ Jump up to:^a b Roe 2006, p. 1.
184. ^ Jackson 2004, pp. 267–294.
185. ^ Jump up to:^a b Honan 1998, p. 289.
186. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 327.
187. ^ Wood 2003, p. 178.
188. ^ Jump up to:^a b Schoenbaum 1987, p. 180.
189. ^ Jump up to:^a b Honan 1998, p. 180.
190. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 268.
191. ^ Mowat & Werstine n.d.
192. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 268–269.
193. ^ Wood 2003, p. 177.
194. ^ Clemen 2005a, p. 150.
195. ^ Frye 2005, pp. 105, 177.
196. ^ Clemen 2005b, p. 29.
197. ^ de Sélincourt 1909, p. 174.
198. ^ Brooke 2004, p. 69.
199. ^ Bradbrook 2004, p. 195.
200. ^ Clemen 2005b, p. 63.
201. ^ Frye 2005, p. 185.
202. ^ Jump up to:^a b Wright 2004, p. 868.
203. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 91.
204. ^ Jump up to:^a b McDonald 2006, pp. 42–46.
205. ^ McDonald 2006, pp. 36, 39, 75.
206. ^ Gibbons 1993, p. 4.
207. ^ Gibbons 1993, pp. 1–4.
208. ^ Gibbons 1993, pp. 1–7, 15.
209. ^ McDonald 2006, p. 13.
210. ^ Meagher 2003, p. 358.
211. ^ Chambers 1944, p. 35.
212. ^ Levenson 2000, pp. 49–50.
213. ^ Clemen 1987, p. 179.
214. ^ Steiner 1996, p. 145.
215. ^ Bryant 1998, p. 82.
216. ^ Gross 2003, pp. 641–642.
217. ^ Paraisz 2006, p. 130.
218. ^ Bloom 1995, p. 346.
219. ^ Cercignani 1981.
220. ^ Crystal 2001, pp. 55–65, 74.
221. ^ Wain 1975, p. 194.
222. ^ Johnson 2002, p. 12.
223. ^ Crystal 2001, p. 63.
224. ^ "How Shakespeare was turned into a German". DW.com. 22 April 2016.
225. ^ "Unser Shakespeare: Germans' mad obsession with the Bard". The Local. 22 April 2016.
226. ^ "Simon Callow: What the Dickens? Well, William Shakespeare was the greatest after all..." The Independent. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
227. ^ Jump up to:^a b Jonson 1996, p. 10.
228. ^ Dominik 1988, p. 9.
229. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 267.
230. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 265.
231. ^ Greer 1986, p. 9.
232. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 266.
233. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 269.
234. ^ Dryden 1889, p. 71.
235. ^ Grady 2001b, pp. 270–272.
236. ^ Levin 1986, p. 217.
237. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 270.
238. ^ Grady 2001b, pp. 272–74.
239. ^ Grady 2001b, pp. 272–274.
240. ^ Levin 1986, p. 223.
241. ^ Sawyer 2003, p. 113.
242. ^ Carlyle 1841, p. 161.
243. ^ Schoch 2002, pp. 58–59.
244. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 276.
245. ^ Grady 2001a, pp. 22–26.
246. ^ Grady 2001a, p. 24.
247. ^ Grady 2001a, p. 29.
248. ^ Drakakis 1985, pp. 16–17, 23–25.
249. ^ Bloom 2008, p. xii.
250. ^ Boyce 1996, pp. 91, 193, 513..
251. ^ Kathman 2003, p. 629.
252. ^ Boyce 1996, p. 91.
253. ^ Edwards 1958, pp. 1–10.
254. ^ Snyder & Curren-Aquino 2007.
255. ^ Schanzer 1963, pp. 1–10.
256. ^ Boas 1896, p. 345.
257. ^ Schanzer 1963, p. 1.
258. ^ Bloom 1999, pp. 325–380.
259. ^ Berry 2005, p. 37.
260. ^ Shapiro 2010, pp. 77–78.
261. ^ Gibson 2005, pp. 48, 72, 124.
262. ^ McMichael & Glenn 1962, p. 56.
263. ^ The New York Times 2007.
264. ^ Kathman 2003, pp. 620, 625–626.
265. ^ Love 2002, pp. 194–209.
266. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, pp. 430–440.
267. ^ Rowse 1988, p. 240.
268. ^ Pritchard 1979, p. 3.
269. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 75–78.
270. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 22–23.
271. ^ Jump up to:^a b Wood 2003, p. 78.
272. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ackroyd 2006, p. 416.
273. ^ Jump up to:^a b Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 41–42, 286.
274. ^ Wilson 2004, p. 34.
275. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 167.
276. ^ Lee 1900, p. 55.
277. ^ Casey 1998.
278. ^ Pequigney 1985.
279. ^ Evans 1996, p. 132.
280. ^ Fort 1927, pp. 406–414.
281. ^ Cooper 2006, pp. 48, 57.
282. ^ Schoenbaum 1981, p. 190.

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• Adelman, Janet, ‘‘Escaping the Matrix: The Construction of Masculinity in Coriolanus,’’ in New Casebooks: Shakespeare’s Tragedies, edited by Susan Zimmerman, St. Martin’s Press, 1998, p. 23. Barton, Anne, ‘‘Livy, Machiavelli and Coriolanus,’’ in Essays, Mainly Shakespearean, Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 152, 159. Bloom, Harold, ‘‘Coriolanus,’’ in Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, Riverhead Books, 1998. Bradley, A. C., ‘‘Coriolanus, ’’ in Coriolanus, by William Shakespeare, edited by Reuben Brower, Signet/New American Library, 1966, pp. 250–51. Eliot T. S., ‘‘Hamlet and His Problems’’ in The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism, 1922. Kermode, Frank, ‘‘Coriolanus,’’ in Shakespeare’s Language, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000, p. 243. Shakespeare, William, The Tragedy of Coriolanus, edited by Reuben Brower, Signet/New American Library, 1966. Traversi, Derek, ‘‘Coriolanus,’’ in Shakespeare: The Roman Plays, Hollis & Carter, 1963 p. 207. Waith, Eugene M., ‘‘Coriolanus,’’ in The Herculean Hero in Marlowe, Chapman, Shakespeare and Dryden, Columbia University Press, 1962, p. 143. Willet, John, ed., ‘‘Study of the First Scene of Shakespeare’s Coriolanus,’’ in Brecht on Theater, Hill and Wang, 1957, pp. 252–65. FURTHER READING Cantor, Paul A, Shakespeare’s Rome: Republic and Empire, Cornell University Press, 1976. In a study of Coriolanus and Antony and Cleopatra, Cantor contrasts the roles of republican and imperial Rome with regard to government, liberty, tyranny, and erotic love. Garganigo, Alex, ‘‘Coriolanus, the Union Controversy, and Access to the Royal Person,’’ in Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, Spring 2002, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 335–60. Garganigo argues that the concentration on the body, particularly as it is expressed in the fable of the body, which is prevalent in Coriolanus implicitly alludes to King James’s desire to use the wholeness of the king’s body, his own physical body, as an emblem of the body politic in his effort to unite the kingdoms of England and Scotland into one political body. Pettet, E. C., ‘‘Coriolanus and the Midlands Insurrection of 1607,’’ in Shakespeare Survey 3, 1950, pp. 34–42. Pettet discusses the relation of the Midland riots of 1607 to Coriolanus and suggests that Shakespeare sided with the patricians against the plebeians in the play. Spotswood, Jerald W., ‘‘‘We are undone already’: Disarming the Multitude in Julius Caesar and Coriolanus, in Texas Studies in Literature and Language, Spring 2000, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 61–79. Spotswood argues that, in his Roman plays, Shakespeare presents the members of the mobs without granting them individual identities or distinguishing them from each other, consequently denigrating collective action and, at the same time, portraying members of the aristocracy as individuals capable of being tragic